Let P = (pstart, pend) be the period of time being analyzed with pstartthe period start time and pendthe period end time. Let I be the set of completed (non-cancelled) joiner process instances whose joiner start date were within P. Let n = |I| be the number of joiner process instances in I. Let H = h1, h2, h3, …, hn be the set of hire notification times of I. Let S = s1, s2, s3, …, sn be the set of start times of I. The formula for the indicator is then: y = . |